In the Second Semester of PUCIT for BsCS, BsSE and BsIT , there are five basic subjects which are to be studied by the students...Here are the details about them :
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1) CMP-140
Programming Fundamentals :
What is programming?
When we want a computer to perform a specific task, such as generating a marks sheet or a salary slip, we have to create a sequence of instructions in a logical order that a computer can understand and interpret. This sequence of instructions is called a program. The process of writing programs is calledprogramming.
The task of programming involves a lot of effort and careful planning. Without this, the computer will produce erroneous results. The following steps should go into the planning of program:
Ø Defining and analyzing the problem
Ø Developing the solution logically using an algorithm
Defining and analyzing the problem
Before writing a program, we have to define exactly what
1. data we need to provide (input) and
2. information we want the program to produce (the output).
Once we know these, we can figure out how to develop the solution.
Deciding on input
Suppose we want to write a program to work out the total and average of a student’s marks in five subjects, we would need to mention the marks in the five subjects as input.
Deciding on output
Next, we have to think of the output — the elements that should be displayed and those that should not. In the marks example, since the task is to prepare a marks sheet, the marks in all the five subjects, their total and average should be displayed on the screen.
Developing a solution logically
Once we have defined and analyzed the problem — decided on the output and the input — we can go on to develop the solution.
The most important aspect of developing the solution is developing the logic to solve the problem. This requires creating a set of step-by-step instructions and/or rules called an algorithm. Each step performs a particular task. We can write these steps in plain English.. The algorithm for the example on finding total marks and average would look like this:
1. Note down the student’s marks in different subjects.
2. Find the total marks scored by the student.
3. Compute the average marks.
4. Assign grade.
5. Display average percentage of marks and grade.
6. End.
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2) MA - 102
Calculus II
Calculus (Latin, calculus, a small stone used for counting) is a branch of mathematics focused on limits,functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. This subject constitutes a major part of modernmathematics education. It has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus, which are related by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Calculus is the study of change,[1] in the same way thatgeometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. A course in calculus is a gateway to other, more advanced courses in mathematics devoted to the study of functions and limits, broadly called mathematical analysis. Calculus has widespread applications in science, economics, and engineering and can solve many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient.
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Basic Electronics :
In the field of electronic engineering, engineers design and test circuits that use the electromagnetic properties of electrical components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes and transistors to achieve a particular functionality. The tuner circuit, which allows the user of aradio to filter out all but a single station, is just one example of such a circuit.
In designing an integrated circuit, electronics engineers first construct circuit schematics that specify the electrical components and describe the interconnections between them. When completed, VLSI engineers convert the schematics into actual layouts, which map the layers of various conductor and semiconductor materials needed to construct the circuit. The conversion from schematics to layouts can be done bysoftware (see electronic design automation) but very often requires human fine-tuning to decrease space and power consumption. Once the layout is complete, it can be sent to a fabrication plant for manufacturing.
Integrated circuits and other electrical components can then be assembled on printed circuit boards to form more complicated circuits. Today, printed circuit boards are found in most electronic devices including televisions, computers and audio players.[21]
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4) SS-170
Pakistan Studies
In Pakistan, the subject is one of the three compulsory courses (along with the Urdu and English-language courses) at the Secondary Schooland Higher Secondary school levels of education.[12] It is also taught as a degree course at most of the Social Science departments in many universities. There are also university departments dedicated to the education and research in Pakistan Studies.[13]
Many of these departments provide degree programmes for in-depth studies, as well as research facilities for M.Phil and PhD scholars. Courses broadly range from the history, politics and linguistics to the country's geography and economics, and from foreign affairs andreligion studies to the social relations and literature.[14] The focused attention on the subject at higher education levels means a wider scope for the research, thus making the subject an increasingly interdisciplinary one.
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Digital Logic Design :
Digital electronics represent signals by discrete bands of analog levels, rather than by a continuous range. All levels within a band represent the same signal state. Relatively small changes to the analog signal levels due to manufacturing tolerance, signal attenuation or parasitic noise do not leave the discrete envelope, and as a result are ignored by signal state sensing circuitry.
In most cases the number of these states is two, and they are represented by two voltage bands: one near a reference value (typically termed as "ground" or zero volts) and a value near the supply voltage, corresponding to the "false" ("0") and "true" ("1") values of the Boolean domainrespectively.
Digital techniques are useful because it is easier to get an electronic device to switch into one of a number of known states than to accurately reproduce a continuous range of values.
Digital electronic circuits are usually made from large assemblies of logic gates, simple electronic representations of Boolean logic functions.[1]
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6) CMP-121
Digital Logic Design Lab
A digital circuit is often constructed from small electronic circuits called logic gates that can be used to create combinational logic. Each logic gate represents a function of boolean logic. A logic gate is an arrangement of electrically controlled switches, better known as transistors.
Each logic symbol is represented by a different shape. The actual set of shapes was introduced in 1984 under IEEE\ANSI standard 91-1984. "The logic symbol given under this standard are being increasingly used now and have even started appearing in the literature published by manufacturers of digital integrated circuits."[3]
The output of a logic gate is an electrical flow or voltage, that can, in turn, control more logic gates.
Logic gates often use the fewest number of transistors in order to reduce their size, power consumption and cost, and increase their reliability.
Integrated circuits are the least expensive way to make logic gates in large volumes. Integrated circuits are usually designed by engineers using electronic design automation software (see below for more information)
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7) CMP-141
Programming Fundamentals Lab :
Before writing a program, we have to define exactly what
1. data we need to provide (input) and
2. information we want the program to produce (the output).
Once we know these, we can figure out how to develop the solution.
Deciding on input
Suppose we want to write a program to work out the total and average of a student’s marks in five subjects, we would need to mention the marks in the five subjects as input.
Deciding on output
Next, we have to think of the output — the elements that should be displayed and those that should not. In the marks example, since the task is to prepare a marks sheet, the marks in all the five subjects, their total and average should be displayed on the screen.
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